Green Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Green Supply Chain - Essay Example Monsoon Company uses strategies that are environmental friendly in manufacturing their chemicals. They do not dump waste materials but they recycle their waste products to avoid pollution. They have an accounting program that monitors activities that may led to degradation of the environment. Amazon Company is also environment sensitive since they replace trees that they have used in manufacturing their books. This is by planting more trees than they have cut for manufacturing of paper. Sustainability Stagecoach Company controls the effect that carbon dioxide may cause to the environment by replacing old vehicles. The company improves the efficiency of their vehicles thus offering their customers excellent services and as well reducing impacts on the environment (Basu & Wright, 2007). They have implemented new technology in their vehicles that do not guzzle appreciable quantities fuel and thus reducing carbon dioxide emission. These vehicles have achieved a high emission standard in Europe. The company has set targets on carbon emission strategies as the centre of their green program. This is possible, as they have introduced an accounting and control system of carbon emissions. This program is integrated with their business agenda to ensure transparency to their customers and ensure they have managed carbon emissions by their vehicles. The company has used alternative technologies that are environmental friendly, which reduce carbon dioxide emissions. They have more than 1000 vehicles with alternative drive train, which are modified to ensure efficiency to their customers (Basu & Wright, 2007). The modifications include aerodynamics technology that has proven to be efficient and electronic adaptations that reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Drivers are made aware of the importance of environment conservation. Drivers are trained on better driving techniques where they drive efficiently, thus saving fuel. There are many campaigns on awareness of efficient driving that will assist in saving fuel. They should use vehicles that do not depend on fuel for energy because of its rising cost and fines they pay from carbon emissions Monsoon Company has to come up with other alternatives for dealing with raising fuel cost and regulations that govern carbon dioxide emissions. This will interfere with most of their supply chain strategies for delivering services to customers. These companies pay a huge amount of taxes that interfere with their outcomes and profits. It is therefore, the role of these companies to come up with alternative technology that will be used in manufacturing their chemicals. This technology should be environmental sensitive by reducing the rate of carbon emissions (Emmete, & Sood, 2010). The company should use raw materials are not toxic and might have impact on the environment. This helps in reductions of carbon dioxide emissions, thus conserving the environment. It is the role of the company to connect their businesses with gr een supply for the purpose of transparency. Customer’s needs are fulfilled by companies that connect their business to green supply resulting to high output of the company. Connecting green supply goals with business goals Companies like Amazon must align their businesses with green supply chains to realize their objectives. Amazon should ensure that green supply chain is connected

Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organisations Essay

Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organisations - Essay Example In just 20 years the number of international NGOs has increased from 13,000 in 1981 to more than 47,000 in 2001 (Wild, 2006). The NGO sector has become "the eight largest economy in the world" worth $1 trillion, with an annual budget of $15 billion for development programs, 19 million paid staff members and countless volunteers, and the good will and respect of millions around the world (Hall-Jones, 2006). Public response to NGOs has been much more positive than negative on both global and national levels. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Anan called NGOs the "new superpower" (Scheper, 2001). The praise is not undeserved. At least part of the credit in establishing international agreements and norms about environmental issues (the Kyoto Protocol), human rights (campaign against torture of suspected terrorists), gender equality (rape in conflict areas), and other concerns should go to NGOs. In many developing nations, especially where authoritarianism and corruption are deeply rooted and persistent problems, NGOs are often considered to be more responsive, trustworthy and competent, especially in defending people against human rights violations by state actors and in the delivery of badly needed health, education and other services. NGOs have also contributed greatly to documentation and dissemination of information and analysis that have given and continue to give direction and substa nce to international debates. The evaluation of NGO performance is not entirely positive. There are NGO critics and critiques. Questions are only to be expected from government and business interests that are affected negatively by NGO issue advocacy, such as campaigns against granting corporations mining concessions that will threaten the right of indigenous tribes to their ancestral land. However, serious and urgent questions have been raised regarding NGO orientation, their competence, their ability to uphold the interests of their stakeholders, and their adoption and practice of transparency and accountability in their day-to-day operation. In addition, a substantial number of political activists have questioned the "apolitical" stance of a number of NGOs, relations between NGOs (mostly based in the global north) and social movements (mostly based in the global south), the growing reliance of NGOs on government and corporate funding, and what is seen to be their slow transformation into quasi-governmental institutions (Albrow and Anheier, 2007). This paper is an attempt to give a factual account on the actual performance and impact of NGOs concerning particular issues and what some consider as the overarching goal of civil society -- global social justice in a sustainable world. It will also present and briefly discuss definitions of civil society and global governance that provide the general context and background for the discussion on non-governmental organisations. II. Global Civil Society and Global Governance Professor Mary Kaldor, Co-director of the Centre for the Study of Global Governance based in the London School of Economics defined global civil society as: "A platform inhabited by activists or post-Marxists, NGOs and neoliberals, as well as national and religious groups where they argue about, campaign for (or against), negotiate about or lobby for the arrangements that shape global developments" (Kaldor,

How to Avoid Being Sleepy Essay Example for Free

How to Avoid Being Sleepy Essay Check with the doctor if you have to take medicine for your medical condition and it should not interfere with your sleep. †¢ Maintain a healthy diet. Remember to stay away from too many sweets. Eat more fresh fruits and vegetables. †¢ You can take a vitamin supplement rich in iron and B12 – check with your doctor first. †¢ Try to relax. Stress and anxiety causes you to lack of sleep at nights and this will only make you feel sleepy the following day. †¢ Feel positive. Work on your feeling of enthusiasm, so you can release positive energy in you and lessen your sleepiness. Just focus on your work and think of the good result of doing a good job out of it. If you still feel sleepy most of the time that it hampers your productivity as a person, you might as well have yourself checked by your doctor. You may have a more complicated problem about sleep, so it is best to do this at once. Source: Health Guidance| 6 Powerful Ways to Stop Being Tired by Brad Isaac on August 16, 2007 One of the more common complaints I hear from people is how tired they feel all the time. I too experience times where I am tired and fight sleepiness. Being tired obviously decreases motivation and causes you to feel like you aren’t at 100%. Being tired might even cost you money! That’s why in order to beat tiredness it’s a good idea to have a plan. Here’s my 6 point plan to beat daytime tiredness: 1. High aerobic exercise *- I’m not talking about a leisurely walk after dinner, I am saying some high intensity stuff. If you find yourself wanting to doze during the day, then you need to increase your aerobic exercise. It increases your blood flow, decreases standing heart rate. You’ll be relaxed more during the day, sleep better at night and feel more energy. John Wesley at Pickthebrain. com says he gets his exercise in the morning and it works for him all day. Personally, I find that either morning or evening works for me. Just depends on the season. So I’d recommend, in the beginning at least, to be flexible and find the right time for you. 2. Cut the sugar – Are you drinking sugar in your coffee or morning beverage? It could be making you tired. When I switched from sugar to honey, I noticed a difference in my energy level that week. Plus, an old farmer’s tip says eating honey from your local bees helps to do away with sinus allergies. Worth a try anyway. Also avoid sugar snacks during the day. Many office workers bring in treats to share with everyone like doughnuts, cakes, ice cream. Just say no. Avoid these sugar traps that zap your energy. 3. Eat a good breakfast – by â€Å"good† I don’t mean Fruit Loops or a Danish. Grab some protein, eggs, low fat toast, granola, yogurt. Skipping breakfast sets you up for a mid morning crash. Plus, you’ll be starved and eat more for lunch (see point #4) 4. Eat a light lunch – This advice comes from Benjamin Franklin. He noticed that his co-workers would gorge themselves at lunch and then have an afternoon of sleepiness. He chose instead to slowly and methodically eat a hunk of bread as he read a book. 5. Take time during lunch for you – which is the second part of Ben Franklin’s advice. While he slowly ate his bread he’d take â€Å"Ben time† by reading a book. By taking a full break from the reality of work in this way, you can come back from a â€Å"mini-vacation† refreshed and ready to take on the afternoon. 6. Cat-nap – If you have a flexible schedule you can nap when you get tired. The key with this is not to nap too long. A 1 to 2 hour nap will make you more tired. A 15 minute nap or caffeine nap will wake you up and prepare you for the rest of the day. Sometimes you can squeeze in a 15 minute cat nap during lunch. Other times you might have to wait until after work. Either way, a nap can refresh and rejuvenate you. Tips on Preventing Sleepiness Below are then few simple ways on how nurses may take to prevent sleepiness while on duty. These ways have been taught immeasurable times already, but I just felt the need to assert these as well. 1. Take a power nap. In numerous studies, taking naps have been found to increase alertness and improve performance. However, taking naps may not be allowed during breaks or meal periods among nurses. They can then take a nap before their shift starts. Naps should be short though (no more than 45 minutes) to reduce awakening from deep sleep and prevent sleep inertia. 2. Consume caffeine. Although caffeine has earned its bad reputation with regards to health, it also has been found to be an effective stimulant in increasing alertness. It just needs to be taken properly. Drinking coffee or tea must then only be done at the beginning of a shift or about an hour before an anticipated sleepiness. Additionally, caffeine must not be taken at least 3 hours before bedtime to prevent the possibility of insomnia. Most important, caffeine must only be consumed when needed, and not on a regular basis or when alert. 3. Drink plenty of water. Water helps prevent dehydration, which increases the feeling of drowsiness. Water should be taken then even when not yet thirsty, to stay energized at work. 4. Go into the light, literally. Light has been found to increase alertness. Sunlight is the most effective; however, artificial light in different levels are also found to induce alertness. Nurses on night duty may then go into well-lit areas for several hours during the shift. 5. Get enough sleep. Enough said. How To Avoid Sleep While Studying? I can still remember when I was in college, studying during exams was like hell and what used to make it worst was my falling asleep. Exams are near and to get good grades, we decide to study for long hours. We decide that the best time to study is the night time, but we cannot stop ourselves from sleeping while we are studying. (Especially in subjects like History, Science, Biology, etc. ) These subjects are too boring to keep us awake.

Church of the Sagrada Familia | Architecture Analysis

Church of the Sagrada Familia | Architecture Analysis Apertures of Ascension: Style and Design in the Sagrada Familia by Antoni Gaudi The church of the Sagrada Familia, perhaps more than any of Gaudi’s earlier works, expresses his belief that a ‘mystic symbolism inhabits the form of architecture.’ (Schmutzler 1962, 212). The church was a lifetime commission and remained uncompleted upon his death in 1926 a reflection of the ambition and scale of the project. It has been described as the most important ecclesiastic building since the late eighteenth century (Schmultzer 1962, 227) with its most poignant features being the rich decoration and towers with their Expressionist shape and form. On the approach the eye is caught by the spindle-shaped towers ascending to differing heights. They were designed to represent the twelve Apostles, the Evangelists, Mary, with the tallest representing Jesus. One is immediately aware of the importance of verticality in Gaudi’s design both in the exterior and interior. The towers are yet to be completed, with work currently underway on constructing the tower of Jesus. However, the finished towers are strikingly tapered, standing proud against the skyline. Gaudi was a great believer in the importance of spiritual meaning in architecture and this is reflected in the placing of a symbol of each apostle on the highest point of each tower on the meeting place between the sky and the extent of the structure. The towers are decorated with Hosanna, Excelsis, and Sanctus, and the doors of the Passion faà §ade reproduce words from the Bible in different languages. Yet the placing of the symbols in such a prominent position is paramount here as it suggests that a language of symbols, without words, is the ultimate form of communication between man and God. In the model of the Sagrada Familia (see below) we see the tower of Jesus bearing the symbol of the cross itself pointed and finite: Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada_familia This image of the structure tapering to a single point, with all its supporting towers, illustrates Gaudi’s belief in the human effort to have faith in the single, omnipotent presence of God. This sense is conveyed upon entering the church when one becomes fully aware of the monumental scale of the structure and the diversity of forms which are incorporated into the design. Gaudi wanted to disassociate himself from the Gothic features of existing cathedrals, such as Chartres, where flying buttresses and external buttresses are an expected feature. The interior arches are thus not common in western architectural tradition and use non-circular shapes, called ‘parabolic’ or ‘catenary.’ (Huerta 2006: 324). The arches of the interior and the towers of the exterior both seek the same lines of ascension. Furthermore, there is a twofold sense of the infinite in both the interior and exterior design: firstly, the fact that the plans for both inside and outsid e have still not yet been executed illustrates how Gaudi’s ideas transcended the timeframe in which he had to work and might even exceed the 100th anniversary of his death. Secondly, it is evident that Gaudi wanted the finished Sagrada Familia to be a structure of indefinite permanence this can be seen in his use of weight bearing columns instead of flying buttresses. He refused to use the gothic buttresses, stating that they were akin to the ‘crutches of a cripple.’ http://www.gaudiclub.com/ingles/i_vida/i_sagr2.asp. Furthermore, the fact that his buttresses were inside the building was imperative to him, as they avoided being subjected to the elements, which would have accelerated their deterioration and threatened the building’s permanence. There is perhaps even a symbolic meaning to this inclusion of the buttresses: it might suggest that spiritual strength in a human being as well as a building is internal and people should look within themselves for the way to communicate with God and not to others, or the material world. The Sangara Familia appears from the outside as a slender, insurmountable form, with the towers having an organic texture, like that of a honeycomb or wattle. This might be Gaudi suggesting that the natural world is imbued with spiritual importance with features such as the honeycomb having an intrinsic place within God’s design. As it has been said of Gaudi’s work, ‘artifice is made to resemble nature and nature to resemble artifice; contradictions are harmonized; planes, lines and intersections are constrained; the subtle and the hazy are cast in bronze and set in stone; music is injected into the solid, colour into the air, and even soul into mathematics. (Cassou et al 1962, 23). This tendency of Gaudi’s to decorate and design using natural imagery is continued in the interior with a richness of decoration and the inclusion of spiral staircases in the apse and bell towers. In the windows of the apse there are many features which are inspired from natur e, and are enhanced by light and shade contrasts. http://www.sagradafamilia.org/eng/index.htm. The subtle play on light in the interior is developed more expressively on the extravagant and diverse exterior facades, where the Nativity spires have colourful textured surfaces made of Gaudi’s technique of using mosaic tiles and broken Venetian glass. Figures of an emancipated Christ are juxtaposed against this rich decoration. Indeed, Gaudi has been described as not just an architect, but as a sculptor too, possessing the ‘ability to imbue structures with sculptural qualities, to conceive of architecture as a large shape that can be experienced tactually.’ (Collins 1962, 10). Yet his techniques differ considerably from one part of the church to the next. In the inner faà §ade of the transept we see geometrically pure, rectangular, rectilinear, or cubic forms (Schmutzler1962:,227), radically different to the prismatic external towers. It is as if he wanted his building to be prophetic, to see beyond the time of which it was born to the more dynamic eras ahead. This is reflected in his diverse style and his intention for the building to be illuminated at night to ‘proclaim the Almighty God.’ (Collins et al 1962, 161). He thus gave the spires openings where searchlights were to be installed, focusing on a huge cross on the central cupola and on the street below, reflecting his wish that the building’s presence could be felt and seen by all those in its vicinity, and for a long time to come. Bibliography Cassou, J., Langui, E., Pevsner, N., 1962, Gateway to the Twentieth Century: Art and Culture in a Changing World. New York: McGraw-Hill Crasemann Collins, C, ( transltr), Christiane Crasemann; Conrads, U., and Sperlich, H.G., 1962, The Architecture of Fantasy: Utopian Building and Planning in Modern Times. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Huerta, S., 2006, ‘Structural Design in the Work of Gaudi.’ Architectural Science Review. Volume: 49. Issue: 4. P. 324+. University of Sydney, Faculty of Architecture Schmutzler, R., 1962, Art Nouveau. New York: Harry N. Abrams URL’S Antoni Gaudi Website. Available from:  http://www.gaudiclub.com/ingles/i_vida/i_sagr2.asp  [Accessed 06/03/07] Online Encyclopaedia. Available from:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrada_familia  [Accessed 06/03/07] Sagrada Familia information pages. Available from:  http://www.sagradafamilia.org/eng/index.htm.  [Accessed 06/03/07] Spectroscopy of Salicylates | Lab Report Spectroscopy of Salicylates | Lab Report The scenario is that a woman has been stopped by the police due to the condition of her driving. She tells the police that her driving was erratic due to trying to take the lid of a bottle of aspirin which she required for a severe headache. The police could not find the aspirin bottle within the car and the woman then told the police that it got thrown out of the vehicle. Serums samples were taken from the woman to do alcohol and drug tests. Aspirin is an analgesic drug that provides pain relief without causing unconsciousness and anesthesia. Aspirin is used to help with pain, fever, osteoarthritis, inflammatory conditions, migraine headaches and many other things. Salicylates are the main substance in aspirin and this is what is being tested for. To test for this substance visible spectroscopy will be used. Spectroscopy has a variety of methods that are the interaction between light and matter. For this practical the method used is visible spectroscopy via the use of a spectrophotometer. This equipment measures the amount of light absorbed by passing a beam of light through the sample and the amount of light is measured by a detector. This produces an absorbance value which can be used to calculate concentrations. The aim of this test is to calculate the concentration of the serum samples to find out whether the levels of salicylic acid in these samples are toxic or not. Methods and Materials The materials that were used are 0.2mg/ml Salicylic acid, Ferric Nitrate solution, 0.039M HNO3, water and a sample of the womans serum. The equipment used was a spectrophotometer, a graduated pipette and cuvettes. To be able to find out the salicylic acid concentrations of the serum samples, six standard solutions had to be created first. Each standard solution was composed of a combination of H2O, salicylic acid, Ferric nitrate and HNO3 all totalling up to 2ml in each solution. The components of the solutions seen in table 1 were placed into test tubes using a graduated pipette. The solutions were then mixed thoroughly and left for 5 minutes. After five minutes a sample of each solution was placed into cuvettes using the pipette. The spectrophotometer was then set a 540nm.Using solution 1 as the blank; the spectrophotometer was then set to zero. Every other standard solution was then inserted into the spectrophotometer to obtain absorption measurements using the blank as a zero reference. Three 2ml samples of the womans serum were then created using a combination of the materials seen above. The components of the serum solutions were then placed into test tubes at the volumes shown in table 2. These samples were then mixed thoroughly and left for five minutes. After five minutes the samples were then placed into cuvettes, and then the spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer was again set at 540nm and the serum blank used as the blank. The other two serum samples were then placed into the machine and the absorption results recorded. Results The measurements from the spectrophotometer where recorded and concentrations of Salicylic acid calculated for the standard solution. These concentrations then created a calibration curve to allow the serum sample concentrations to be discovered. The concentrations in table 3 where calculated using C1V1=C2V2. Where C1 is 0.02mg/ml, the original concentration of salicylic acid, V1 is the volume of salicylic acid, C2 is the unknown concentration and V2 is 1ml, the total volume of H2O and Salicylic acid. For example standard 3 has the concentration 0.06mg/ml. From looking at table 1 it is seen that C1 is 0.02mg/ml andV1 is 0.3ml. it is then known that C2 is unknown and V2 is 1ml. The equation is then rearranged to C2 = C1V1/ V2 to produce C2=0.02mg/ml x 0.3ml / 1ml = 0.06mg/ml. The concentration and absorption results are then put into a graph to create a calibration curve. Calibration curve The calibration curve shown in figure 1 was plotted from the results in table 3. This curve was then used to calculate the concentration of the serum solutions. Concentration and absorbance results for the three serum samples The results in table 4 where done as a duplicate to make the results more accurate and reliable but due to an error within the practical. An average was later calculated to correct the inaccuracy created by the error, but ideally the test should have been done with 3 samples. Discussion Using the results from table 4 and the calibration curve from figure one it can be determined if the results agree with the drivers story. The average serum sample had a salicylic acid concentration of 0.116mg/ml. In relation to the standard solutions this result is quite high therefore the results confirm she did in fact take aspirin. From this it cannot be fully determined if the level is toxic or not. Salicylic acid toxicity causes many bio-chemical that target no specific organ. An acute overdose would cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting and tinnitus. If the overdose was chronic there would be symptoms like confusion, fever, hypoxia, dehydration and metabolic acidosis. Other symptoms of toxicity are respiratory alkalosis, alkaline urine and headaches. Comparing the symptoms with the scenario some of the symptoms could explain the reasons for her erratic driving but there still could be other reasons. Serum levels of salicylic acid provide if the ingested amount was therapeutic, toxic or chronic toxicity. A therapeutic level is 15-30mg/ml and a toxic level is 40-50mg/ml. Any serum level above 60mg/ml is a chronic level. To compare the concentration of the serum to toxicity levels the serum concentration must be converted to mg/dl. For this it is need to be known that there are 100 millilitres in 1 decilitre, therefore 0.116mg/ml needs to be multiplied by one hundred. The serum level is then 11.6mg/dl; this level is not a toxic level but does confirm that aspirin was taken at a possible therapeutic level. This confirms that the woman was telling the truth about taking aspirin but does not confirm why her driving was erratic. Other test could also be done to test for salicylic acid, these as urine pH, a bedside ferric chloride test and arterial blood gases. Also high-performance liquid chromatography could be used but this requires time that would not be available in a serious toxicity. Salicylic acid has many related compounds, for example, benzoic acid, phenol, magnesium salicylate and aminosalicylic acid. Test for these could also be done to help determine the source. Conclusion In conclusion the results from the visible spectroscopy show that the woman did not have salicylic acid toxicity even though she did take aspirin. As her levels where not toxic there has to be another reason for her driving. To confirm this more test could be done like the urine pH and the arterial blood gasses. Also test on the related compounds could be carried out to confirm is she did take aspirin or if the levels in of salicylate in her blood are from elsewhere. The next thing to do would be to test for alcohol and other drugs both legal and illegal. Other drugs to test for could be things like cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, marijuana, methadone, tramadol and oxycodone. These could be testing for either through the blood, urine or hair.

A Brave New World is Pending :: Brave New World Essays

A Brave New World is Pending In the March 6 issue of Science News, J. Raloff wrote "If pregnancies early in adulthood reduce a woman's lifelong risk of developing breast cancer, could short-term hormonal treatments that simulate aspects of pregnancy do the same thing? A new study suggest that the answer is yes." Reading that fast-forwarded my imagination to a horrible future, one described in Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," where women of the future undergo surrogate pregnancies. In the book it was for mental reasons, but now, there's a physical reason to do such a hormonal treatment. How many other predictions will come true in the next, say, 20 years? Already we have television, airplanes, submarines, cyberspace and virtual reality. Is the next step a measurable move toward Utopia? Will we all live with perfect health? Will we stave off death so effectively that we are killed for population control reasons at the old, old age of 60? Will we lose sight of the goal of a long, productive life, abandon it for a long, forever young life (making aging a disease, because drugs to enhance the here and now build up to a painful later)? I'm all for advancement in medicine. My own father, an oncologist and hematologist, deals with ground-breaking new procedures and medicines on a daily basis. But to air out my cautious side: if the government ever starts worshiping Henry Ford, outlawing Shakespeare, instituting mandatory sterilization of certain groups of people, encouraging and perpetuating class divisions and distributing drugs to solve potential conflict, help me out by saying "STOP!" really, really loudly. Then again, this government does revere Henry Ford in a way. If a big car company wanted something done that was contrary to the desires of a community, my bets are on the car company. This thorough encouragement of big business and the tradition of such can almost be seen as worship. While Shakespeare hasn't been outlawed anywhere (as far as I know), teaching Darwin's theory of Natural Selection is banned in some school districts. J.D. Salinger's "Catcher in the Rye" is banned in some school districts. Ruth Sherman, a white teacher in a black and Hispanic neighborhood in New York, left her job in fear for her life over a book called "Nappy Hair": some parents (who of course, hadn't read the award-winning novel and for the most part weren't her student's parents) thought it was racist and divisive.

Teenage Stress Essay -- essays research papers

Stress is the way the body reacts. It is an unavoidable consequence of life. Teen stress is a big issue in today's society. Recent studies have shown that teens may develop more stress then adults. Few adults can remember the truth about adolescence. "Their minds "censor" their memories, and have them believe that being a teenager was was one big party, free of cares and responsibilities"( ). There aren't that many adults around who realize what adolescence was really like. The anguish, the fear, the anxiety, the stress. People don't remember those problems because they want to forget them. Stress is a significant problem for teens. There are many factors that lead into teen stress, such as school, drugs, peer pressure and relationships. Few people can remember the truth about adolescence. Their minds "censor" their memories, and have them believe that being a teenager was was one big party, free of cares and responsibilities. There aren't that many adults around who realise what adolescence was really like. The anguish, the fear, the anxiety, the stress. People don't remember those problems because they want to forget them. Stress is a reaction to external and internal pressure. It is a normal function that helps people in their daily lives ( ). Without some level of stress, individuals wouldn't have the motivation to meet deadlines or complete projects ( ). However normal stress can become a burden over a long period of time and this leads to chronic stress. Chronic stress is what people are referring to when they say that they are "stressed out" ( ). Stress can become even more overwhelming if chronic stress goes into overload, this is what is known as distress ( ... ...tes a with the way people deal with, things like "smoking and drinking are some of the worse ways of dealing with stress"( ). These are some of the most common ways to deal with stress. "Teens classic statements are "I?m stressed I need a cigarette"'( ). They go out and drink there sorrows away. They're better ways to deal with things. You can easily go work out( ). Teens say that it could help too. Another great source of pressure is yourself. Teens try their hardest to be accepted among a certain group or circle. Whereas most of the time they are rejected and then become depressed. All of these aspects can cause teenagers to feel like their in way over their heads. There are many facors that lead into teen sress, such as school, drugs, peer pressure and relationships. But there are many ways of dealing with teenage stress.

To what extent

Reformation. For the rest, the religious aspects should not be overstated because princes would readily trade religious conviction for political advantage; Catholic France in particular was eager to support Protestant states against the Hapsburg. By the beginning of the 17th century there was parity between the faiths among the small principalities that made up Germany. Of the larger states, three of the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor were Protestant, another three Catholic, and the seventh and final one was the emperor himself, in his capacity as king of Bohemia.This apparently stable majority for Hapsburg ambition was undermined by the fact that the majority of Bohemians were Protestant, and therein lay the spark of the Thirty Years War. This came in 1617 when the Emperor Matthias placed his heir apparent Ferdinand on the throne of Bohemia to ensure his succession to the imperial title. Ferdinand was a known Catholic zealot and his subject nobles urged him to exercise restraint in the proclamation of religious edicts. When Ferdinand ignored their entreaties, a group of Protestant nobles burst into the royal palace in Prague in May 1618, and threw his advisers out of a window into the moat/maiden.The ‘Defenestration of Prague' was the signal for a Protestant uprising in Hungary, Transylvania, and Bohemia, which was a direct threat to the continued prosecution of war against the Dutch, who would doubtless find new allies among the truculent Protestant population of central Europe in their struggle against the Spanish Hapsburg. Yet no single prince was willing to set himself up as a rival king of Bohemia in opposition to the legitimately constituted sovereign. In 1619 Ferdinand succeeded to the imperial throne on Mahatma's death, andFrederick of the Palatinate rashly agreed to stand as a rival king of Bohemia. The Palatinate bordered on the Spanish Netherlands and Catholic Bavaria, providing two further flashlights in addition to Bohemia itself, and Sp anish troops soon occupied the Lower Palatinate while the Bavarian occupied the north. The Dutch and English, both supposed champions of the Protestant cause, were reluctant to become involved, sensing a lost cause in the making. German Lutheran stayed neutral for the time being, leaving their rivals, the Calvinist, to their fate.Hence Frederick's army as crushed at the battle of the White Mountain outside Prague in 1620. Rebellious Bohemia was thoroughly ravaged by the imperial mercenary army, and forcibly restored to the Catholic faith. The Hapsburg seemed to have settled matters in their favor, therefore the Protestant princes belatedly began to cast around for allies. A grand Protestant league was formed consisting of some German states, England, and Holland, secretly supported by France, and led by the imprudent Christian IV of Denmark, who began the attack in 1626.The Danes were run ragged for three years by the more numerous imperial and Bavarian armies, led by the Bohemian m ercenary Willingness, and by 1629 they had had enough of fighting without effective support from their allies, and sued for peace. The alliance collapsed, and it seemed that Protestant hopes were lost, particularly when Ferdinand attempted to return to the state of affairs that had existed at the time of the Peace of Sagebrush in 1 555, demanding the return to Catholicism of lands that had subsequently converted to the Protestant faith by issuing the Edict of Restitution.For once Calvinist and Lutheran were united in heir opposition to this draconian policy. But by seeking to exploit their victory over the Danes to obtain an outlet to the Baltic, from which to strike at Dutch maritime commerce, the Hapsburg provoked their nemesis. Gustavo Adolph of Sweden, offended by Hapsburg behavior and rescued from an inconclusive war against the Poles by French mediation, declared war in 1630.By this time the cost of the war had exhausted the imperial treasury, and Ferdinand policies had weaken ed his alliances within the empire, so the Swedish invasion came at the moment when the empire was least prepared to repel t. The Swedish army was tough and battle-hardened and won two stunning victories at Brownfield in 1631 and L;dozen in 1632, although Gustavo was killed during the latter. But so too was the imperial cavalry leader Oppenheim while Willingness, who had made himself prince of Knuckleball, was assassinated in 1634.It is not clear whether this was because he no longer seemed able to win, because Ferdinand was afraid of him, because Riches paid his lieutenants to do it, or a combination of all three. Constant campaigning and attrition had deprived the Swedes of their best native roofs, who had been replaced by inferior local freebooters, and this contributed to their defeat at redlining in August 1634, where the Swedish Gene Horn and the new champion of Protestantism, Bernhard of Saxes-Whimper, were roundly defeated by the veteran Spanish-imperial army with the loss o f 14, 000 men, and all their artillery.The last hope for the Protestant German princes was that Catholic France, fearing Hapsburg hegemony, would come to the rescue. Thus the ascendancy gained by the Hapsburg after redlining was destined to be short-lived. Meanwhile, the Dutch were able to roll back the Spanish, who were crippled by an economic collapse and revolt at home. The Spanish Atlantic fleet was destroyed by the Dutch Adam Tromp at the battle of the Downs in 1639, and Portugal declared herself independent in 1640. The Spanish tried to renew the offensive, but were decisively defeated by the French at Rococo.War exhaustion now led to a desire for peace, but there was no consensus on how this was to be achieved, and the fighting dragged on. The breakthrough came in 1648, when Spain and Holland concluded heir 80-year war, which had become enmeshed in the wider conflict of the Thirty Years War, and the other combatants followed suit and settled their differences one after anothe r. These agreements were rolled up into the Treaty of Westphalia, which was to condition the political map of Europe for over a century.Sweden gained a foothold on the southern shores of the Baltic, France had secured her borders, and the Dutch had achieved nationhood. Overall the Protestants had secured their position in Germany, and Bavaria and Brandenburg (Prussia) were to emerge as significant independent states. The Holy Roman Emperors were left with little influence or control over German affairs, as the principle of the Peace of Sagebrush, ‘cuss region, ells religion, was restored: each state would follow the faith of its ruler. The Thirty Years War had a lasting impact.Thousands were displaced rather than killed, and often the peasantry was permanently weakened, usually to the advantage of the landed nobility. Yet there is no absolute consistency, for the war enabled some humble men to rise. The peasant Peter Mainlander commanded an army and became a count; his daughte r married a reigning prince. During the war, Grottos had published De Sure Elli AC pacts arguing that individuals deserved protection against the ravages of war, and one of the war's legacies was a desire by rulers, as well as their subjects, to make war less destructive.Although the military revolution thesis is now widely questioned, war did change during this period-?though arguably even more significantly after it. If the relationship between evolving armies and evolving states was less direct than the thesis suggests, it was nonetheless important. Armies grew bigger-?Willingness may have commanded as many as 150, 000 men and Gustavo perhaps 120, 000-?and ere often better organized, with a premium attached to the marshalling of infantry firepower and the improvement of artillery.They became notably more costly: the French army cost about 16 million livers tourism in the asses and over 38 million after 1640. Many senior commanders were commercial entrepreneurs, with their subordi nates subcontractors in a commercial venture: it is unsurprising that the infantry subunit was called a company. Disgust at some of the more extreme effects of this encouraged hesitant steps towards the professionalisms of officer corps,